Subfield c contains the beginning year of publication, and subfield d "9999" (see examples 1, 17). If the beginning year is uncertain, any unknown digit may contain "?" (see example 2).

Subfield c contains the beginning year of publication, and subfield d the year publication ceased (see examples 3, 18). If the final year is uncertain, any unknown digit may contain "?".

It is not known whether publication is continuing or not. This code is mostly used for retrospective cataloguing, when it is not known whether publication ceased finally or just temporary.

Subfield c contains the beginning year of publication, and subfield d contains "????" (see examples 4, 19). If the beginning year is uncertain, in subfield c any unknown digit may contain "?".

A publication in one volume/part or in a number of volumes/parts all published at one time or with the same date of publication, i.e. published within the same calendar year.

Subfield c contains the date of publication, a subfield d is not entered (see example 5), with exception of the incorrect publication date printed on the publication. It that case, the correct publication date should be determined and entered in subfield c; the incorrect publication date should be entered in subfield d (see example 21).

The code is also used when only an uncertain publication date is known (see example 5). If a publication was published over a span of years, the code "f" is used.

The item being catalogued is a reproduction, i.e. a reprint, facsimile, reissue, etc. but not a new edition. If the reproduction is of a continuing resource, or if either the original of the reproduction was published over a span of years, the beginning year of reproduction and publication are used.

Subfield c contains the date of the reproduction, and the subfield d contains the date of publication of the original (see example 7). If either date is uncertain, any digit may be replaced by "?".

In subfields c and d the estimated period is entered: subfield c contains the earliest possible date of publication, and subfield d the latest possible date of publication (see examples 8, 20).

A multi-volume monograph whose volumes were published (or being published) for more than a year.

Subfield c contains the beginning year of publication, and subfield d contains the date of final publication (see example 10). If either date is uncertain, any digit may be replaced "?" (see example 11). If publication is still in progress "9999" is entered in subfield d, if only the first volume was published (see example 9), i.e. the publication date of as yet last volume.

The item's date of publication differs from the copyright date quoted in the item, or the date of publication is unknown.

Subfield c contains the date of publication, and subfield d the copyright date (see example 12). If only the copyright date is known, it is entered in subfield c but not d (see example 13).

It is used for film, music etc. when there is a gap between the production/recording of an item and its distribution/release.

Subfield c contains the release/issue date, and subfield d the production date (see example 14).

It is used when it is considered important to record a month (and possibly day) of publication.

Subfield c contains the year of publication, and subfield d the detailed date in the form MMDD (month, day) (see examples 15, 16).

Subfield c may contain the earliest possible year of material within the artificial collection. If the earliest year is uncertain, any digit may be replaced by "?".

Subfield d may contain the latest possible year of material within the artificial collection. If the collection items were created within a calendar year, that date is entered both in subfield c and d. If the latest year is uncertain, any digit may be replaced by "?".

The code is used instead of the codes"b", "c", "d" or "e", when these codes have not been used or can not been used.

Sovereign states and territories with some measure of self-government, e.g. having their own legislature.

An administrative subdivision at one level below the federal or national level, having some measure of self-government and legislative control, though with no responsibility for external affairs, e.g. provinces of Canada, Länder in the Federal Republic of Germany.

A middle-level administrative subdivision, generally any legislature, e.g. departments in France, counties in the United Kingdom (see example 1).

An administrative unit at the lowest level of jurisdiction e.g. a city, town or village.

Any administrative unit below the national level combining or crossing more than one jurisdiction, e.g. a joint computer unit which is shared by number of municipal authorities or a transport authority that crosses several municipalities.

International organisations and their agencies, e.g. those entities which are capable of making treaties with sovereign states such as the International Monetary Fund or the United Nations.

A non-official government such as the government of France in exile from 1941-1944.

Used when record is for government publication but the level of government can not be determined.

Used for a government publication at a particular level of government but this level does not fit into any of categories "a" to "g".

The code is used to indicate the transliteration according to PPIAK, including the transliteration for Cyrillic script. The code is used only when a library has the whole records displayed in Latin script.

Before the software supported entry of Cyrillic script, the code was used in records that were entered and saved entirely in Latin script but were at the same time adjusted for displaying in Cyrillic script.

The code appears in old records created by libraries which used to display records in Cyrillic, Old Cyrillic and Greek script.